Học cách nói chuyện bằng tiếng Anh - Learn how to speak English

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Updated June 25, 2009

How to Learn to Speak English
翻 译
Introduction:

Several people have recently emailed me with a simple question, "How can I learn to speak English?" They mean, "How can I really learn to speak English, not just prepare for the IELTS Speaking test?"
This thinking is an intelligent way to approach the IELTS Speaking test because the test really does assess your true speaking ability – it's not a test that you should approach by "preparing for the test" as if it were a high school physics or history test. Yes, some of that kind of preparation is a good idea but, on average, only about 15% to 25% of your Speaking test score is influenced by your specific "preparation for the test" – most of your score will reflect your "real" or overall speaking ability. It's a very accurate test and IELTS examiners are not fools.

This page is just a quick summary of my suggestions for improving your overall speaking ability. You might notice that some of the ideas I write here are the same as on this page: http://www.yasi-kouyu.com.cn/Three_months_to_go.htm. Actually, there are some things on that page that I want to rewrite but the basic ideas are similar to what I have written below.
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        Attitudes

• First, you should find some genuine reasons to be interested in English, besides just doing the IELTS test. With little or no genuine interest in the language, you will find it much harder to improve your English.

• Second, you should move beyond the idea that studying English, especially learning how to speak, is similar to studying academic subjects in school. A language is a tool for communication. You have to recognize that you must practice using this tool in situations of genuine communication if you expect to make progress.

• Third, you need to recognize that making big progress in English takes time. Most recent high school graduates in China are at the Band 5.0 or 5.5 level, and recent university graduates are, on average, only a little better. They need at least 6 months and even up to 1 year of (more or less) full-time English study and practice before they can reach Band 6.0 or 6.5 standard. (This is the total time spent on all the four basic skills; reading, listening, speaking and writing.) If you try to do it in a big hurry, you won't improve very much. 
 

Many people in China have an attitude similar to this: "I don't have much time to study English because I have to go to England three months from now to start my Master's degree in Business Management. As well as that, I'm not really interested in English; I'm more focused on my career." With these attitudes, you will probably (= 很可能) neither do very well in the IELTS test nor succeed in getting to England to study for your Master's degree!

• The last point is this: Not only do you need to give yourself time, you also should try to progress one step at a time, not two steps at a time. If you are Band 5.0 or 5.5 now, you should not begin by trying to study materials that are at the Band 6.5 or 7.0 (or 9.0!) level.

        What to Do

1.     Make Grammatically Correct Written Sentences
The first thing you need to do is learn to make sentences using correct grammar. Find a good quality book that teaches you this. (See Booklist.) The best quality books are those books that were originally written overseas by native English-speaking experts. On the other hand, books written by Chinese authors have easy-to-understand explanations for you and translations, especially translations of new vocabulary. So, use both but understand that books written in China tend to approach English as an academic subject, not as a communication tool. As well as that, the English is sometimes overly formal because the books are for writing, not speaking. A good grammar book should also include some new vocabulary but, at the same time, a grammar book should not overwhelm you with a large amount of new vocabulary in every 'lesson'.
I know studying grammar is a bit boring but it is necessary, just like learning the correct way to do mathematics.

2.     Make Grammatically Correct Sentences in Spoken Dialogues
For speaking, using a book to learn to make sentences is just the beginning. You also need to make and speak grammatically correct sentences in dialogue situations. For this, you should use 'Side by Side', starting with Book 1. (Only those students who know they are at Band 6.5 level now but are aiming for a 7.0 for speaking should skip Book 1.) Of course, you must use the recordings with the Side by Side books – it's impossible to correctly use the books for self-study without the recordings.
The 'Side by Side' student workbooks also have excellent practice exercises for making grammatically correct sentences in writing, but those workbooks do not have detailed explanations of the grammar. For explanations, I recommend you use the Chinese Edition of Collins Cobuild English Grammar (英语语法大全). In fact, to some extent, you could just use 'Side by Side' and 'Collins Cobuild English Grammar' instead of the books I mentioned in Step 1, above.
Using 'Side by Side' will start you on the road to "thinking in English", that is, speaking straight from your store of English knowledge rather than translating from Chinese. This is an important part of improving your fluency.

3.     Mimic Naturally Spoken English Recordings
In addition to Steps 1 and 2, you should find relatively easy and interesting English listening materials that you can mimic (模仿) in order to improve your pronunciation. Some people need to do more of this activity than others, depending on how good their pronunciation is now, but everyone should do some of this activity.
Mimicking does not just mean copying the pronunciation of each word. It means copying everything about the way the native English speaker speaks, such as how they link their words, how they put stress on one (or more) particular word in each sentence and how they might rise or fall in the tone of their speech. Obviously, you need to get the best materials you can for this activity because you want to mimic people who are speaking as naturally as possible, including at a natural speaking speed.
As much as possible, try to find recordings of people speaking in dialogue or conversational situations or speaking similarly to the way you need to speak in the IELTS Speaking test.
The best materials to mimic are probably the listening practice materials in Books such as #3, #4, #23 and #24 that I mention in the Booklist. I think mimicking some parts of the Cambridge Practice Test listening tests is also quite suitable for this activity, if you first spend some time studying the new language in the parts you want to mimic so that they then become, 'relatively easy'. Use the transcripts (抄本) as you mimic the recordings.

4.     Communicate with Speaking Partners
After you have made a little progress doing Steps 1 to 3 (above), you should find one (but preferably more than one) person to be your speaking practice partner. This is a very important part of learning to speak English! If you omit this item from your study, you will definitely make much slower progress than those who do follow this suggestion. It's the same as saying, "I want to make big improvements in my basketball-playing ability" but only spending your time learning and practicing the skills alone. If you really want to improve, you need to also do the actual thing you want to improve. For the guy trying to improve his basketball ability, this means playing some real basketball games as a member of a team.
A speaking partner should be at about your level of spoken English. You should chat with your speaking partner, one-to-one, in a natural way. Imagine you are chatting with another student from Asia in a coffee shop at a university in Australia, a student who looks Chinese but who doesn't speak your language.
The aim is to practice communicating. For this activity, you should emphasize exchanging information (and don't forget, talking about your feelings and opinions is one example of exchanging information!) Don't worry too much about grammatical errors – Steps 1 and 2 are activities for concentrating on grammatical accuracy but this activity is mostly for improving your fluency and for using the tools (i.e., the language) that you have learned in your private study. Not only is this by far the best way to make big improvements to your fluency, you will also remember your grammar and especially your vocabulary much better if you actually practice using them this way. I repeat: Steps 1 to 3 give you the basic tools for speaking English but if you really want to make the fastest possible progress, you need to use these tools in real communicative situations.

This activity is the main way to progress beyond the step of, "thinking in Chinese" and then translating into English. By minimizing and then eventually almost eliminating the translation step, your fluency will increase dramatically.
One way to help you overcome the habit of translating from Chinese is this: Don't always try to speak English at the same level as you speak Chinese. Instead, be satisfied with communicating at a simpler level. People who are very well educated or very thoughtful often try to speak the same in English as they do in Chinese, with the result that they struggle to translate their rather complex thoughts and end up speaking with a low level of fluency. When you speak in a natural and communicative way with a partner, just go into your "memory bank" of English and choose to use vocabulary and expressions that you know as your tools of communication – be satisfied with that. It is possible for a person who has just a Band 5 level of vocabulary and grammar to reach a Band 7 or 8 level of fluency by constantly using his or her limited vocabulary and relatively weak grammar in situations of true communication. In other words, you need to repeatedly use the English you know in true communication with another person, no matter how limited your English is at the moment. Don't worry about repeatedly speaking the same grammatical mistakes. Yes, you should try to do something about your grammar mistakes when speaking and the best thing to do is to use 'Side by Side' to fix these errors. If you worry about turning your grammar mistakes into habits of speaking and use that as a reason not to try to communicate in English, you will never improve your fluency.

Let's return to the imaginary foreign student you are speaking to in a coffee shop at a university in Australia. Imagine the student is from say, Thailand or Korea. (And imagine your language partner in China is this person when you speak to your language partner.) Now, imagine that when you are chatting to this other Asian student in Australia, you really do want to chat, you really do want to communicate – your aim is not to "impress" this other person with your English. In this kind of situation, you will be satisfied with just using the English you know. You will, in fact, speak more fluently than you might speak in the IELTS Speaking test when you are trying to "impress" the examiner.
Speaking in situations of real communication by using simple English at first is a necessary step to go through when learning the language. If you include a speaking partner as part of your plan to improve your spoken English, the quality of your grammar and vocabulary will improve over time, while you will be quite fluent whatever stage of grammar and vocabulary you are at any particular time. It is much better to practice with a speaking partner right from the early stages of learning English than to learn a lot of English over a year or two in private study and then trying to improve your fluency by speaking in situations of genuine communication.
Of course, in the Speaking test you do need to impress the examiner to some extent, but you should not make that more important than communicating clearly. For example, you do need to show the examiner that you know how to begin some sentences with words that introduce your main answer (or link to what you have said previously, or both introduce and link) and you do need to use complex sentences rather than habitually speaking in short, simple sentences. After you have studied and practiced these things at home, you should try to include them in your natural communication with a speaking partner. Eventually, this higher-level English will become automatic for you.

5.     Read and Listen to a Lot of Relatively Easy Material
While you are continuing with Steps 1 to 4, you should do a lot of listening and reading. However, I think many students make a big mistake in the way they do this – they always try to read or listen to materials that are quite hard, materials that have a large number of new words or expressions and other language that is too difficult. This is not learning in a step-by-step manner! Not only that, it will damage your enthusiasm for learning English. You need to read and listen to a large amount of quite easy material, material that has only a very small number of new words and expressions, for example, only one, two or three new words or expressions in every 200 words. Why should you read and listen to materials that are so easy? Well, guess what this activity is called ... it's called, "practice"!
There are several reasons why you need to practice reading and listening this way. Firstly, whenever a person learns to use a complex tool, such as learning to play a musical instrument, or learning something like playing basketball or doing Wushu, this person doesn't always try to learn a large amount of new things every time they do the activity. Instead, they repeatedly do a lot of the basic things that they had learned earlier. In the case of language learning, you repeatedly read and listen to words and sentence structures that you have learned earlier, but in new materials that you haven't read or listened to before. Students who learn new vocabulary by studying vocabulary books and especially by learning new words from lists of vocabulary always complain that they forget many of the words. But by repeatedly exposing yourself in this way to words you have learned earlier, you will remember them better and have a much better understanding of how to use these words. Reading and listening are powerful ways to practice and revise the language you already have learned (and as a means of gradually learning new vocabulary) because reading and listening are natural uses of the language in communication; the writer or speaker is communicating one-way to you (it's not mutual communication but it is still communication).

The second reason why you should do this activity is rather common sense: It's much easier to know how to speak if you have listened to a lot of English and, similarly, it's much easier to know how to write if you have read a lot of English.
I realize it is a problem for many students to find suitable materials, at their level, for easy reading and listening practice. If you find English learning sites on the internet, you should be able to find some materials on those websites for doing this. Similarly, internet sites with materials in English for primary school and junior high school students (in the U.S., Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa etc.) would be suitable for learners of English, like you.
But probably the best idea is to buy more than one general English language textbook (preferably originally written overseas) and practice reading and listening to the materials in the book that is one level below your current level.

Of course, as much as possible, you should try to use materials that have contents similar to the contents of the IELTS test, whether you are practicing with easy materials or learning new language from more challenging materials. For example, listening materials in which a person speaks naturally about his own life, sometimes speaks at length to describe something, and engages in discussion with another person. Easy reading materials should be similar to easier examples of the IELTS reading test.
It is also a well-known fact in language learning that students who read and listen to materials on subjects that interest them make the best overall progress. In other words, if you are particularly interested in basketball, pop music, films, art, world geography or history then you should give more time to reading and listening to materials on your favorite topic(s). By doing this, your reading and listening will feel less like 'study'. At the same time, you should also read and listen to typical IELTS topics because examiners will use a variety of topics to assess your overall vocabulary. For example, if you are a young man who likes computer games but is not very interested in clothes, you should not completely ignore the topic of clothes in your reading and listening. Similarly, girls should spend a little time reading and listening about the topic of sport.

At the same time, you should spend some time reading and listening to materials that are new and more challenging for you. That is, spend some time learning new materials such as in the textbook that is at your current level and by doing and studying the IELTS Reading and Listening practice tests.

I believe the best progress will be made if you spend about 3 hours on quite easy materials for every 1 hour you spend on more challenging materials. In other words, I believe this plan will, in the long run, lead to greater progress than if you spend 3 hours on challenging materials and only 1 hour on easy materials. 慢慢来!

6.     Watching Hollywood Movies Won't Help You Learn to Speak English
And don't waste your time watching Hollywood movies. Ok, watch an occasional movie for entertainment but don't expect that to improve your speaking ability – it won't because it's not progressing in a step-by-step manner. Besides, you don't speak when you watch a movie! Yes, you are listening when you watch a movie (or maybe you're just reading the subtitles in Chinese, the 中文字 幕) but Hollywood movies (i.e. films that were not made for language learners) will also only help your listening ability to a very small extent because, once again, it's not step-by-step learning.

7.     Learn Vocabulary in Conjunction with Other Activities
You might notice that I haven't yet written much about learning vocabulary. It certainly is a very important part of language learning. And for people who are at the Band 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 level now, a small vocabulary can be a great handicap.
The main reason why I have not specifically put learning vocabulary into an activity for you to do is this: I think learning new vocabulary is best done in combination with other activities, not as a separate activity. I know many Chinese students try to increase their vocabulary by studying those "IELTS Vocabulary" books, as a separate and isolated activity. However, I suspect that most students become frustrated and disappointed with their progress when using those books because, since the vocabulary is really meant for reading comprehension and writing, a lot of the vocabulary is too high-level or too formal. Not only that, it is a rather unnatural, academic way to approach building up one's communication skills or tools. I think you should spend less time with those vocabulary books and find other methods for building your vocabulary.

As I said, I think the best method is to combine your vocabulary building with other activities. For example, in Step 1, learning to produce grammatically correct sentences, you should choose a good book that adds to your vocabulary as you progress through the different sections of the book. Most good grammar books do that. If you get a good grammar book that was originally written overseas by native English speaking experts has been republished in China, you will often find the vocabulary is already translated for you in the back of the book or in lists. Book #17 (by Martin Hewings), in my booklist does that for you. Then, as you see the examples and use the vocabulary in the exercises, you will learn the real usage of these words and they will be better imprinted in your memory because you will have actually used these words.

Then, when you move on to using Side by Side, you will find another opportunity to increase your vocabulary. The Side by Side books
not only use pictures to teach you vocabulary, they also have Chinese translations of words in the back of the books. By doing the speaking exercises you repeatedly use the new words and, in this way, will learn the new words in a natural way.
I know it's time-consuming to be frequently using your dictionary so the best idea is to try to find study materials that have lists of words already translated. So, as much as possible, try to find good-quality IELTS study books or oral English books written by native English speakers that include translated vocabulary lists. Book #19 (by Juliet Adams) is a good book for increasing your knowledge of some basic, everyday words that are useful for the Speaking test but the book is quite small.
One of the best books (with an audio recording) that I have seen for Chinese students to build their vocabulary for spoken English is 生活英语情景口语100主题. If you use the book and the recording as mimicking material, you will be learning new vocabulary at the same time as doing another activity. I don't think it is necessary to try to memorize a large number of the dialogues – there are hundreds of sentences in the book, although it is a good idea to test your ability to make the English sentences after first looking at the sentences written in Chinese. Just mimic a large number of the dialogues and, by doing so, many sentence patterns and new words will imprint themselves on your memory.

8.     What about attending conversation classes at a language school? Is that necessary? Is is useful?
Yes, I think it's a good idea to attend classes at a language school for a few months, if you can afford the tuition fees. Everything that I have written above is for self-study but not everyone is mature enough or skillful enough as a student to learn to speak English by self-study, and self-study can be unattractive for people who don't like spending a lot of time alone. In addition to that, many people are too shy to find a language partner or there are other reasons why they can't find a language partner. A good conversation class should substitute for not having someone to practice with.
Overall, I don't think it's absolutely necessary to attend a conversation class if you have the maturity and ability to follow the self-study guidelines that I suggest and you can find one or more suitable language partners. But it is a good, additional way to learn to speak English.
See this page for my comments on choosing a language school conversation class.

9.     Conclusion: Overall, those are my ideas for learning to speak English. If you do that for many months and then spend one or two months concentrating on preparing for the Speaking test itself, (i.e., preparing for some of the known, or frequently used topics and questions in the test), then you should be quite successful in the test.

ENJOY ENGLISH!

24/10/2010
Hồ Quốc Nam

Học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh: the inversions (các dạng đảo ngữ)

#1: SOURCE: http://forum.smartweb.vn/posts/list/122.page

THE INVERSIONS (Đảo ngữ)

I. INVERSION is used to emphasize something (Đảo ngữ thường dùng để nhấn mạnh một cái gì đó)

Ex: - I will never go there. => Never will I go there. - If I were a doctor, I could help you. => Were I a doctor, I could help you. - If I hadn’t met her, I would have been unhappy. => Had I not met her, I would have been unhappy.

II. CASES OF INVERSION (Những trường hợp đảo ngữ)
1. Inversions take place after some negative adverb such as: little (một ít), nowhere (không một nơi nào), no longer (không còn nữa), in vain (vô ích), not until (mãi đến khi), never (không bao giờ), never again (không bao giờ nữa), never before (trước đây chưa bao giờ), seldom = rarely, hardly (gần như không, khó mà), not for one minute (không một phút nào)...

Example: - He said little about it. => Little did he say about it. - Nowhere can you enjoy delicious dishes like here. - No longer will he work here. - In vain did they look for the missing people. - Not until I came home did I realize that I had lost everything. - Not until she left did I know that she had been very important for me. - I will never forgive him. => Never will I forgive him . - Never again will I meet him. - Never before have I seen this film. - She rarely makes a mistake. => Rarely does she make a mistake. - I hardly meet her nowadays. => Hardly do I meet her nowadays. - Not for one minute do we feel peaceful. - Not for one minute did she forger about it/him.

2. Inversions are used in some conditional sentences. - If I were the judge, I would sentence him to death. => Were I the judge, I would sentence him to death. - If I were rich, I would help you. => Were I rich, I would help you. - If I had taken his advice, I would have succeeded in the final exam. => Had I taken his advice, I would have succeeded in the final exam. - If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have known how to solve it. => Had you not helped me, I wouldn’t have known how to solve it. - If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be tired now. => Had I not stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be tired now.

3. Inversions are used with

- Hardly .... when - No sooner … than

Ex: Hardly had I gone to bed when the phone rang. No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain.

4. Inversions are used in some phrases with “only”

- Only by (chỉ bằng cách) + doing st - Only when (chỉ khi) + clause - Only if (chỉ nếu mà) + Clause - Not only … but also (không những …mà còn): Đảo từ ở mệnh đề có dùng “not only”

Ex: + Only by studying hard can you pass this exam. + Only when you grow up, can you understand it. + Only if you tell me the truth, can I forgive you. + Not only does he study well, but also he sings well.

5. Inversions are used in some phrases with “no”

- In no way (không bằng cách nào cả) - At no time (chưa bao giờ) - On no account (không vì một lý do gì) - In/under no circumstances (cho dù thế nào cũng không)

Ex: - In no way can you refuse to answer my question. - At no time have I come there. - On no account can you treat her badly like this. - In no circumstances will I leave you alone.

6. Inversions are used in structure “so + adj/ adv + that”

Ex: She is so rich that she can buy everything she likes. => So rich is she that she can buy everything she likes. She spoke so fast that nobody understood her. => So fast did she speak that nobody understood her.

7. Inversions in sentences use “so great, so much + Noun” => Using “such”

Ex: The problem is so great that everybody is concerned of it. => Such is the problem that everybody is concerned of it. There is so much uncertainty that I will not invest my money. => Such is there uncertainty that I will not invest my money.

#2: SOURCE: http://www.hs.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=136299749744039&comments&ref=mf

Dear Lolli Huynh và các bạn thành viên của PassionForEnglish.com, để giải đáp thắc mắc của các bạn về hiện tượng ngữ pháp English Inversion (Đảo ngữ trong Tiếng Anh), đây là 1 nội dung kiến thức khá hay và quan trọng, PassionForEnglish.com xin gửi đến các bạn thân mến bài post này. Mong các bạn sẽ tìm hiều và note lại sổ học Tiếng Anh của mình nhé. Phần này mình đã tóm tắt 1 cách cô động nhất và lấy ví dụ khá cụ thể. Hi vọng sẽ giúp ích cho các bạn. Luôn support PassionForEnglish.com nha các bạn thân iu!!!!

Source: (English Academic Revision for IELTS/TOEFL Certificate - Composed and edited by Teacher: Ms. Nguyen Ngoc Anh)

1- Trong tiếng anh đảo ngữ thường được sử dụng với mệnh đề nhấn mạnh thường gặp dạng đảo trạng từ lên đầu câu (thường là các trạng từ chỉ tần suất: 9 Adverbs of Frequency và thường dung cho câu khẳng định)

Eg: - She never eats out

==> Never does she eat out - They rarely (seldom) stay up late to get access to the Internet and search useful information for his professional ==> Rarely (Seldom) do they stay up late to get access to the Internet and search useful information for his professional

2) Đảo từ với câu điều kiên

2-1. Đảo từ với câu điều kiện loại 1
a) Câu điều kiện loại 1 có sử dụng “ should” thay hiện tại không xác định chỉ khả năng xáy ra ít hơn ở tương lai. Đảo “should” lên đầu câu thay “If”

Eg: If it should rain tonight, I will stay at home

==> Should it rain..........

b) Điều kiện loại 1 có sử dụng thời hiện tại hoàn thành

Lấy “should” thay “If” sao đó để nguyên thể hoàn thành với “have done” ở tất cả các ngôi

Eg: If she has finished the work, she can go home

==> Should she have finished .......... b) Điều kiện loại 1 ở dạng bình thường Thay “should’ = if và giữ nguyên trật tự câu Eg: If she does English knowledge revision frequently, she will sit for the upcoming TOEFL exam with the satisfactory score. ==> Should she do English knowledge revision frequently, she will sit for the upcoming TOEFL exam with the satisfactory score.

2.2. Điều kiện loại 2

a) Mệnh đề điều kiện loại 2 có dùng động từ “tobe” ở số nhiều “were”, khi chuyển sang đảo ngữ sẽ dùng “were” thay”if”

Eg: If I were you, I would love him

==> Were I you.................

b) Trong mẫu câu điều kiện loại 2 đặc biệt có dùng “If” đầu câu ( nếu không phải vì................. thì khi chuyển sang đảo ngữ sẽ tách “were” khỏi “not’’sau đó đảo lên đầu câu thay “if”)

Eg: If it weren’t for your progress, I wouldn’t be here (Nếu như không vì sự tiến bộ của anh thì tôi đã không ở đó)

==> Were it not your ....

c) Mẫu câu điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt

If + S+ were+ to do

Thay động từ ở quá khứ của mệnh đề điêu kiện loại 2

Eg: If I were to speak.......

==> Với mẫu câu này đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If”

2. 3. Điều kiện loại 3

a) Dùng “Had” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If”

Eg: If she had worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam

==> Had she worked harder last year............

b) Câu điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt đi với đại từ “it” đầu câu (giống trường hợp If it were not for N, S+ would V của Đkiện loại 2)

If it hadn’t been for + N ==> Nếu không phải vì.......

==> Tách “had” ra khỏi “not” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If”

Eg: If it hadn’t been for hot weather, we would have had a wonderful holiday

==> Had it not been for............................

c) Mệnh để điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt có sử dụng” were to have done” thay quá khứ hoàn thành

Eg; If she had driven carefully, she wouldn’t have cause the accident

==> If she were to have driven......

Đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If”

==> Were she to have driven Note: Note 1: to be + going to V / to V / about to V / bound to V / due to V ... : sắp , định phải làm gì was / were + going to V / to V / about to V / bound to V / due to V ... : định làm gì trong quá khứ nhưng hok làm đc Note 2: Câu điều kiện loại 1 ở mệnh đề if ko chỉ là hiện tại đơn. Câu điều kiện loại 1 tổng quát là if clause ở hiện tại đơn.Main clause S+ will/can/may/should/must + V. Ngoài ra trong câu điều kiện loại 1 ở if clause còn có dạng If + present continous/ present perfect tùy vào việc ta muốn nhấn mạnh cái gì (có thể là nhấn mạnh kết quả hoặc có thể là nhấn mạnh sự việc đang xảy ra) Eg: if you have finished the test, you can go home. If you are working, I'll phone you later.

TKết với 3 Dạng cơ bản của Câu ĐIỀU Kiện sẽ có những dạng như sau: a, Câu đk loại 1: If clause = should+S+V Should she come late she wil miss the train should he lend me some money I will buy that house b, Câu đk loại 2:If clause= Were S +to V/ Were+S If I were you I would work harder =Were I you........ If I knew her I would invite her to the party= Were I to know her........ c, Câu đk loại 3 : If clause = Had+S+PII If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam = Had my parents not encouraged me...........

3. Hình thức đảo ngữ với trạng ngữ phủ định: With negative adverbs (trạng ngữ phủ định): Ta mang Trạng ngữ phủ định ra đầu câu và hoán chuyển động từ lên trước Chủ ngữ (_ never, hardly, no sooner, little, no longer, in no time, not only, rarely, seldom, nowhere, not until,...) Eg: _ He didn’t say a word --> Not a word did he say _ We rarely go to cinema --> Rarely do we go to cinema *Đôi khi dùng nor, never thay thế cho not trong văn viết làm câu văn nhẹ nhàng hơn Eg: Nor was that all * Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ phủ định: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Hardly ever,..... Never/ Rarely/ Seldom /Little/ Hardly ever+ auxiliary+ S+ V Never in mid-summer does it snow Hardly ever does he speak in the public

4. Hình thức đảo ngữ miêu tả 2 hành động cùng xảy ra sát và kế tiếp nhau sau 1 lúc _ no sooner...than _ Not until…that _ scarely...when _ hardly... when Cấu trúc này thg dùng với quá khứ hoàn thành: ...+ had + S + PII...+ S + Ved Eg: - No sooner had I gone out than it began to rain - Scarely had she returned her hometown when she found out the truth of her father’s death - Hardly had he finished English Communication Course when he recognized how important English was for his life, job and prospective future = Not until had…that… * Đảo ngữ với until/ till+ clause/ adv of time+ auxiliary+ S+ V I won't come home till 10 o'clock =Not until/ till o'clock that I will come home = It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home I didn't know that I had lost my key till I got home = Not until/ till I got home did I know that I had lost my key

5. Hình thức đảo ngữ với phó từ chỉ cách thức With adverbs of manner ( phó từ chỉ cách thức): Form: phó từ + trợ động từ + S + V Eg: - Beautifully did she sing - Excellently have they finished the assignment.

6. Hình thức đảo ngữ với phó từ chỉ thời gian With adverbs of time (phó từ chỉ thời gian): Eg: - Very often have we tried to do it - Twice a week do they travel out to Ho Chi Minh city to meet foreign partners to sign contracts.

7. Hình thức đảo ngữ với phó từ chỉ nơi chốn: With adverbs of place ( phó từ chỉ nơi chốn): thường thì đặt phó từ lên trc + V + S Eg: - On the table stood a man - Here comes the winter - There will take a place a big storm and heavy rain

8. Hình thức đảo ngữ với With now, thus, then, here, there: chỉ đc hoán chuyển khi CN là DT, ko hoán chuyển khi CN là đại từ Eg: There comes the bus = There it comes Now comes your turn = Now your turn comes

9. Hình thức đảo ngữ với : With/ only/ under/at/when/in: Eg: -You can get success only under that condition Only under that condition can u get success - You should not call the police under any case/ circumstance Under any case/ circumstance should you not call the police Under no cases/ circumstances should you call the police Ngoài ra: Lưu ý với: .On no account + Vaux + S V : Không vì bất cứ lí do nào Eg: You Should never be late for the exam => On no account should you be late for the Exam.

10. Hình thức đảo ngữ với : so that, such that: Eg: So beautiful is she that I love her So dark is it that I can't write So busy am I that I don't have time to look after myself So difficult was the exam that few student pass it So attractive is she that many boys run after her Such a clever boy is he that he can do this exercise easily 11. Hình thức đảo ngữ với NO và NOT No+ N + auxiliary+S+Verb(inf) Not any+ N+ auxiliary+ S+ verb(inf) Eg: No money shall I lend you from now on = Not any money shall I lend you from now on 12. Hình thức đảo ngữ với ONLY Only one only later only in this way only in that way only then + auxiliary+ S+ V only after+ N only by V_ing/ N only when+ clause only with+ N only if+ clause only in adv of time/ place

Eg Only one time did I meet her Only after all guest had gone home could we relax Only when I understand her did I like her Only by practicing E every day can you speak it fluently

13. Hình thức đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có No At no time On no condition On no account + auxiliary+ S+ N Under/ in no circumstances For no searson In no way No longer For no reason shall you play truant The money is not to be paid under any circumstances = Under no circumstances is the money to be paid On no condition shall we accept their proposal

14. Hình thức đảo ngữ với Not only....... but......also..... Not only + auxiliary + S + V but.... also.......... Not only is he good at E but he also draw very well Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly

15. Hình thức đảo ngữ với No where+ Au+ S+V No where in the VN is the cenery as beautiful as that in my country No where do I feel as comfortable as I do at home No where can you buy the goods as good as those in my country

16. Hình thức đảo ngữ Nhấn mạnh tính từ:

Trong TA có thể đảo tính từ, cụm tính ngữ làm C(bổ ngữ) của “to be” ra trước để nhấn mạnh, đồng thời đảo “to be” ra trước S(chủ ngữ). Eg: -The probem is difficult. Difficult is the problem.

-The flies are on the book. On the book are the flies. Note: ở đây cụm “on the book” mình xem là “cụm tính ngữ.

17. Hình thức đảo ngữ Nhấn mạnh động từ. Trong TA có thể nhấn mạnh động từ ở thì hiện tại đơn và quá khứ đơn bằng cách thêm trợ động từ “to do” ở dạng tương ứng. Ví dụ: - I stayed at home yesterday. I did stay at home yesterday. - I hope to see you soonest in the coming time I do hope to see ………………..

#3: http://www.thpt-lequydon-quangtri.edu.vn/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=247&PID=613

KÍNH GỬI TẤT CẢ CÁC MEM FORUM, HAY LÉM ĐẤY!!!!!!!!!!!!

1. Đảo ngữ với NO và NOT No+ N + auxiliary+S+Verb(inf) Not any+ N+ auxiliary+ S+ verb(inf) Eg: No money shall I lend you from now on = Not any money shall I lend you from now on

2. Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ phủ định: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Hardly ever,..... Never/ Rarely/ Seldom /Little/ Hardly ever+ auxiliary+ S+ V Never in mid-summer does it snow Hardly ever does he speak in the public

3. Đảo ngữ với ONLY Only one only later only in this way only in that way only then + auxiliary+ S+ V only after+ N only by V_ing/ N only when+ clause only with+ N only if+ clause only in adv of time/ place Eg Only one did i meet her Only after all gest had gone home could we relax Only when I understand her did I like her Only by practising E every day can you speak it fluently

4. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có No At no time On no condition On no account + auxiliary+ S+ N Under/ in no circumstances For no searson In no way No longer For no reason whall you play traunt The money is not tobe paid under any circumstances = Under no circumsstances is the money tobe paid On no condition shall we accept their proposal

5. No sooner.......... than..... Hardly/ Bearly/ Scarely........ When/ before No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang Hardly had she put up hẻ umbrella before the rain becam down in torrents

6. Đảo ngữ với Not only....... but......also..... Not only + auxiliary + S + V but.... also.......... Not only is he good at E but he also draw very well Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly

7. Đảo ngữ với SO So+ adj/ adv + auxiliary + S+V+ that clause So dark is it that I can't write So busy am I that I don't have time to look after myself So difficult was the exam that few student pass it So attractive is she that many boys run after her

8. So+ adjective+ be+ N+ clause So intelligent is that she can answer all questions in the interview

9. Đảo ngữ với until/ till+ clause/ adv of time+ auxiliary+ S+ V I won't come home till 10 o'clock =Not until/ till o'clock that I will come home = It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home I didn't know that I had lost my key till I got home = Not until/ till I got home did I know that I had lost my key

10. Đảo ngữ với No where+ Au+ S+V No where in the VN is the cenery as beautiful as that in my country No where do I feel as comfortable as I do at home No where can you buy the goods as good as those in my country

11. Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện a, Câu đk loại 1: If clause = should+S+V Should she come late she wil miss the train should he lend me some money I will buy that house b, Câu đk loại 2:If clause= Were S +to V/ Were+S If I were you I would work harder =Were I you........ If I knew her I would invite her to the party= Were I to know her........ c, Câu đk loại 3 : If clause = Had+S+PII If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam = Had my parents not encouraged me...

ENJOY ENGLISH!

24/10/2010

Hồ Quốc Nam

Clip: The Duck - Học Làm Người Có Ích - Long Xuyên - An Giang - SYC

Clip The Duck - Học Làm Người Có Ích - Long Xuyên - An Giang - SYC.

22/10/2010
Hồ Quốc Nam

A Turkey and a Bull

A turkey was chatting with a bull. ‘I would love to be able to get to the top of that tree’ sighed the turkey, ‘but I haven’t got the energy.’ ‘Well, why don’t you nibble on some of my droppings?’ replied the bull. They’re packed with nutrients.’

The turkey pecked at a lump of dung, and found it actually gave him enough strength to reach the lowest branch of the tree. The next day, after eating some more dung, he reached the second branch. Finally after a fourth night, the turkey was proudly perched at the top of the tree. He was promptly spotted by a farmer, who shot him out of the tree.

Moral of the story: Bullshit might get you to the top, but it won’t keep you there.

01/10/2010

Hồ Quốc Nam